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Should、Ought To、Had Better

Should、ought to、had betterは、英語でアドバイス、推奨、道徳的義務、期待を表現するための必須の助動詞です。これらの洗練された助動詞により、正しい行動方針と考えるもの、道徳的に適切なもの、特定の選択から生じる可能性のある結果を伝えることができます。指導を提供し、外交的に判断を表現するために基本的です。

各助動詞は異なるレベルの強さと形式性を持っています。Shouldは最も一般的で多用途であり、一般的なアドバイスや推奨に適しています。Ought toはより正式で、しばしば道徳的義務や強い期待を暗示します。Had betterは緊急性と潜在的な否定的結果を示唆し、shouldより強いですが、ought toより形式的ではありません。

これらの助動詞は、何が適切か、望ましいか、期待されているかについて意見を表現する必要がある専門的なコミュニケーション、学術的な文章作成、社会的交流にとって重要です。あまり直接的にならずにアドバイスを与え、建設的に批判を表現し、適切な社会的関係を維持しながら様々な状況で何が最善かを議論するのに役立ちます。

Should、ought to、had betterを習得することで、選択に関する議論に効果的に参加し、役立つアドバイスを提供し、期待を外交的に表現し、英語圏環境での推奨と指導の複雑な社会的ダイナミクスをナビゲートすることができます。これらの助動詞は、アドバイス、評価、または適切な行動について情報に基づいた意見を表現する必要がある人にとって不可欠です。

形成

Should

主語 + should + 動詞の原形

アドバイス、推奨、期待、軽い義務

肯定形:

  • You should see a doctor.
  • We should leave early.
  • She should study harder.
  • They should be here soon.

否定形:

  • You shouldn't smoke.
  • We shouldn't be late.
  • She shouldn't worry.
  • They shouldn't drive tonight.

疑問文:

  • Should I call her?
  • Should we book tickets?
  • Should they wait for us?
  • What should I do?

Ought To

主語 + ought to + 動詞の原形

道徳的義務、強い期待、正式なアドバイス

肯定形:

  • You ought to apologise.
  • We ought to help them.
  • She ought to know better.
  • They ought to be grateful.

否定形:

  • You ought not to lie.
  • We oughtn't to judge.
  • She ought not to worry.
  • They oughtn't to complain.

疑問文:

  • Ought I to tell him?
  • Ought we to wait?
  • Oughtn't she to know?
  • What ought I to do?

注意:ought toを使った疑問文はかなり正式で、あまり一般的ではありません

Had Better

主語 + had better + 動詞の原形

暗示された結果を伴う強いアドバイス、緊急性

肯定形:

  • You had better hurry.
  • We 'd better leave now.
  • She had better call back.
  • They 'd better be careful.

否定形:

  • You had better not be late.
  • We 'd better not wait.
  • She had better not forget.
  • They 'd better not complain.

疑問文:

  • Had I better call?
  • Hadn't we better leave?
  • Had she better not go?
  • What had I better do?

注意:had betterを使った疑問文は平叙文より一般的ではありません

完了形(過去の批判/後悔)

主語 + should/ought to + have + 過去分詞

過去の行動に対する批判、後悔、すべきだったこと

Should have:

  • You should have called me.
  • We should have left earlier.
  • She shouldn't have said that.
  • They should have been more careful.

Ought to have:

  • You ought to have known better.
  • We ought to have helped them.
  • She oughtn't to have worried.
  • They ought to have been grateful.

避けるべき一般的な間違い

❌ "You should to call her."

✅ "You should call her."

'should'の後に'to'を使わないでください - 原形を取ります

❌ "She shoulds be here soon."

✅ "She should be here soon."

助動詞は形が変わりません - 三人称単数に's'はつきません

❌ "I better had leave now."

✅ "I had better leave now."

正しい順序は'had better'であり、'better had'ではありません

❌ "You ought call your mother."

✅ "You ought to call your mother."

'Ought'は原形動詞の前に'to'が続かなければなりません

❌ "I should have went earlier."

✅ "I should have gone earlier."

'have'の後には過去分詞(gone)を使い、過去形(went)は使いません

強さと形式性のレベル

最も強いアドバイスから最も弱いアドバイスへ:

Must(義務)You must wear a seatbelt(必須)
Had better(結果)You'd better hurry(さもないと遅れます)
Ought to(道徳的義務)You ought to help them(正しいことです)
Should(アドバイス)You should see a doctor(推奨)
Could(提案)You could try calling(選択肢)

文脈に適した助動詞の選択

カジュアルな状況:

  • Should: Should: "You should try this restaurant"
  • Had better: Had better: "We'd better go home"
  • Ought to: Ought to: カジュアルな会話ではあまり一般的ではありません

専門的な文脈:

  • Should: Should: "We should review the proposal"
  • Ought to: Ought to: "Companies ought to be responsible"
  • Had better: Had better: 慎重に使用してください(脅迫的に聞こえる可能性があります)

学術的な文章:

  • Should: Should: "Further research should examine..."
  • Ought to: Ought to: "Governments ought to consider..."
  • Had better: Had better: 学術的な文章ではめったに使用されません

時間参照と完了形

現在/未来のアドバイス:

"You should call her today. / You ought to visit them soon."

過去の批判/後悔:

"You should have called her yesterday. / You ought to have visited them."

過去に対する期待:

"She should have arrived by now. (but we don't know if she has)"

Had better(現在/未来のみ):

"You had better leave now. (No past form: had better have left ❌)"

アドバイスを受け入れる・断る

アドバイスを受け入れる:

  • "Yes, you're right. I should..."
  • "That's good advice. I'll..."
  • "I think I ought to..."
  • "You're absolutely right."

丁寧に断る:

  • "I know I should, but..."
  • "That's a good idea, however..."
  • "I appreciate the advice, but..."
  • "I'll think about it."

クイックリファレンスガイド

重要なポイント:

  • Should: 一般的なアドバイス、推奨、期待、軽い義務
  • Ought to: 道徳的義務、正式なアドバイス、shouldより強い
  • Had better: 結果を伴う強いアドバイス、暗示される緊急性
  • 完了形: Should/ought to + have = 過去の批判と後悔
  • 強さの順序: Must > Had better > Ought to > Should > Could
  • 形式性: Ought toが最も正式、had betterが最も非正式
  • 否定: shouldn't, ought not to/oughtn't to, had better not
  • 疑問文: Should I...?(一般的)、Ought I to...?(正式)、Had I better...?(まれ)
  • 文脈が重要: 関係と状況に基づいて選択してください

Practice Exercises


Quizzes for this lesson will be available soon. We are currently preparing the question set and will publish it as soon as possible.


Downloadable PDF


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Should、Ought To、Had Better | 助動詞ガイド