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過去完了形の受動態

過去完了形の受動態は、他の過去の出来事よりも前に完了した行為を説明する高度な文法構造で、誰が行為を実行したかよりも何がされたかに焦点を当てます。had + been + 過去分詞で形成されるこの構文は、過去の基準点に関連して行為のより早い完了を強調し、時系列の順序が重要な複雑な物語、歴史的説明、詳細な報告書に不可欠です。

過去完了受動態が特に価値があるのは、行為と結果に客観的な焦点を維持しながら、過去の出来事間の明確な時間的関係を確立する能力です。これにより、学術論文、法的文書、調査報告書、洗練された物語において、誰が責任を持っていたかを必ずしも強調することなく、何かが別の過去の出来事が起こる前にすでに完了していたことを示す必要がある場合に極めて重要になります。

過去完了受動態はまた、問題が発生したり調査が始まったりする前にすでに起こっていた以前の行為、決定、または状況を議論するための外交的な言語を提供します。このアプローチにより、責任と非難から専門的な距離を保ちながら、出来事の順序を客観的に報告することができ、正式な報告書、インシデント分析、回顧的説明において非常に貴重です。

過去完了受動態を習得することで、あなたの英語は上級レベルに到達し、洗練された時系列の物語を作成し、複雑な分析報告書を書き、複雑な因果関係を扱い、学術的およびプロフェッショナルなコミュニケーションの両方で時間的順序の習得を正確かつ明確に示すことができるようになります。

形成

構造

主語 + had + been + 過去分詞 + (by + 行為者)

主語が別の過去の出来事や時間の前に行為を受けたことを示します

能動態から受動態への例:

能動態:

They had completed the project before the deadline.

受動態:

The project had been completed before the deadline.

能動態:

Someone had stolen my car before I reported it.

受動態:

My car had been stolen before I reported it.

すべての形:

  • I had been invited before the event started.
  • You had been chosen by the time I arrived.
  • The letter had been sent before noon.
  • We had been informed about the changes.
  • They had been trained before starting work.

否定形と疑問形

肯定形:

  • The work had been finished by 5pm.
  • The documents had been signed yesterday.
  • The decision had been made earlier.

否定形:

  • The work had not been finished by 5pm.
  • The documents hadn't been signed yet.
  • The decision hadn't been made earlier.

疑問形:

  • Had the work been finished by 5pm?
  • Had the documents been signed?
  • When had the decision been made?

避けるべきよくある間違い

❌ "The house had build before 1990."

✅ "The house had been built before 1990."

過去完了受動態では 'been' を忘れないでください

❌ "The letters had sent before I arrived."

✅ "The letters had been sent before I arrived."

過去完了受動態には 'had been' が必要で、'had' だけではありません

❌ "The car had been make in Germany."

✅ "The car had been made in Germany."

'been' の後は基本形ではなく過去分詞を使用してください

❌ "The work had been done from John."

✅ "The work had been done by John."

行為者(実行者)を導入するには常に 'by' を使用してください

過去完了受動態 vs 過去形受動態

過去完了受動態:

ある過去の行為が別の過去の行為の前に完了した場合に使用

  • The house had been built before we moved there
  • The decision had been made by the time I arrived
  • The report had been finished before the meeting

過去形受動態:

過去の単一の完了した行為に使用

  • The house was built in 1995
  • The decision was made yesterday
  • The report was finished last week

過去完了受動態でよく使われる時間表現

Before/After/By:

  • The report had been submitted before the deadline
  • The building had been completed by 2020
  • The decision had been made after consultation
  • Everything had been arranged by the time we arrived

Already/Just/Never:

  • The work had already been finished
  • The letter had just been posted
  • Such measures had never been taken before
  • The problem had recently been solved

完了受動態の重要な過去分詞

規則動詞:

  • complete → completed
  • establish → established
  • develop → developed
  • implement → implemented

一般的な不規則動詞:

  • build → built
  • make → made
  • take → taken
  • write → written

完了形でよく使われる:

  • submit → submitted
  • approve → approved
  • solve → solved
  • arrange → arranged

クイックリファレンスガイド

覚えておいてください:

  • 形成: had + been + 過去分詞
  • 焦点: 他の過去の出来事の前に完了した行為
  • トーン: 洗練された、複雑な時系列に適している
  • 行為者: 省略可能、または 'by' で言及可能
  • 疑問文: 'had' を主語の前に移動
  • 否定文: 'had' の後に 'not' を追加 (had not been / hadn't been)
  • 時間を表す語: before, after, by, already, just, never
  • 使用法: 順序と因果関係を示すのに最適

練習問題


Quizzes for this lesson will be available soon. We are currently preparing the question set and will publish it as soon as possible.


Downloadable PDF


PDF versions for this lesson will be available soon. We are currently preparing the materials and will make them accessible as soon as possible.