๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์๋ฃ์ ์๋ํ
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์๋ฃ ์๋ํ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ฌ๊ฑด๋ณด๋ค ๋จผ์ ์๋ฃ๋ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช ํ๋ ๊ณ ๊ธ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก, ๋๊ฐ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋์ง๋ณด๋ค๋ ๋ฌด์์ด ํํด์ก๋์ง์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ง์ถฅ๋๋ค. had + been + ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ฌ๋ก ํ์ฑ๋๋ ์ด ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ํ์์ ๋ ์ด๋ฅธ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ฉฐ, ์๊ฐ ์์๊ฐ ์ค์ํ ๋ณต์กํ ์์ฌ, ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ค๋ช , ์์ธํ ๋ณด๊ณ ์์ ํ์์ ์ ๋๋ค.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์๋ฃ ์๋ํ๊ฐ ํนํ ๊ฐ์น ์๋ ์ด์ ๋ ํ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ํ ๊ฐ๊ด์ ์ธ ์ด์ ์ ์ ์งํ๋ฉด์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฐ์ ๋ช ํํ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ๋ฆฝํ๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ํ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ, ๋ฒ๋ฅ ๋ฌธ์, ์กฐ์ฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ์, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋๊ฐ ์ฑ ์์ด ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ๋ฌด์ธ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ์๋ฃ๋์์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์ด์ผ ํ๋ ์ ๊ตํ ์์ฌ์์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํฉ๋๋ค.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์๋ฃ ์๋ํ๋ ๋ํ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ฐ ์์๋๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ ์ด์ ์ ํ์, ๊ฒฐ์ ๋๋ ์ํฉ์ ๋ ผ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ธ๊ต์ ์ธ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํฉ๋๋ค. ์ด ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ ์ฑ ์๊ณผ ๋น๋์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๋ฉด์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์, ์ฌ๊ฑด ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ ํ๊ณ ์ ์ค๋ช ์์ ๋งค์ฐ ๊ท์คํฉ๋๋ค.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์๋ฃ ์๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋ง์คํฐํ๋ฉด ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ ์์ด ์ค๋ ฅ์ด ๊ณ ๊ธ ์์ค์ผ๋ก ํฅ์๋์ด, ์ ๊ตํ ์๊ฐ์ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ , ๋ณต์กํ ๋ถ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณต์กํ ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ณ , ํ์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์ ๋ชจ๋์์ ์๊ฐ์ ์์์ ์๋ฌ์ ์ ํํ๊ณ ๋ช ํํ๊ฒ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค ์ ์๊ฒ ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
ํ์ฑ
๊ตฌ์กฐ
์ฃผ์ด + had + been + ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ฌ + (by + ํ์์)
์ฃผ์ด๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋ ์๊ฐ๋ณด๋ค ๋จผ์ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋๋ค
๋ฅ๋ํ์์ ์๋ํ๋ก์ ์์:
๋ฅ๋ํ:
They had completed the project before the deadline.
์๋ํ:
The project had been completed before the deadline.
๋ฅ๋ํ:
Someone had stolen my car before I reported it.
์๋ํ:
My car had been stolen before I reported it.
๋ชจ๋ ํํ:
- I had been invited before the event started.
- You had been chosen by the time I arrived.
- The letter had been sent before noon.
- We had been informed about the changes.
- They had been trained before starting work.
๋ถ์ ํ๊ณผ ์๋ฌธํ
๊ธ์ ํ:
- The work had been finished by 5pm.
- The documents had been signed yesterday.
- The decision had been made earlier.
๋ถ์ ํ:
- The work had not been finished by 5pm.
- The documents hadn't been signed yet.
- The decision hadn't been made earlier.
์๋ฌธํ:
- Had the work been finished by 5pm?
- Had the documents been signed?
- When had the decision been made?
ํผํด์ผ ํ ํํ ์ค์
โ "The house had build before 1990."
โ "The house had been built before 1990."
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์๋ฃ ์๋ํ์์ 'been'์ ์์ง ๋ง์ธ์
โ "The letters had sent before I arrived."
โ "The letters had been sent before I arrived."
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์๋ฃ ์๋ํ๋ 'had'๋ง์ด ์๋๋ผ 'had been'์ด ํ์ํฉ๋๋ค
โ "The car had been make in Germany."
โ "The car had been made in Germany."
'been' ๋ค์์๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ์ด ์๋ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ธ์
โ "The work had been done from John."
โ "The work had been done by John."
ํ์์(์ํ์)๋ฅผ ๋์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํญ์ 'by'๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ธ์
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์๋ฃ ์๋ํ vs ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์๋ํ
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์๋ฃ ์๋ํ:
ํ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํ์๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํ์ ์ด์ ์ ์๋ฃ๋์์ ๋ ์ฌ์ฉ
- The house had been built before we moved there
- The decision had been made by the time I arrived
- The report had been finished before the meeting
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์๋ํ:
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๋จ์ผ ์๋ฃ๋ ํ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ
- The house was built in 1995
- The decision was made yesterday
- The report was finished last week
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์๋ฃ ์๋ํ์ ํจ๊ป ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์๊ฐ ํํ
Before/After/By:
- The report had been submitted before the deadline
- The building had been completed by 2020
- The decision had been made after consultation
- Everything had been arranged by the time we arrived
Already/Just/Never:
- The work had already been finished
- The letter had just been posted
- Such measures had never been taken before
- The problem had recently been solved
์๋ฃ ์๋ํ์ ํต์ฌ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ฌ
๊ท์น ๋์ฌ:
- complete โ completed
- establish โ established
- develop โ developed
- implement โ implemented
์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถ๊ท์น ๋์ฌ:
- build โ built
- make โ made
- take โ taken
- write โ written
์๋ฃ ์์ ์์ ํํ:
- submit โ submitted
- approve โ approved
- solve โ solved
- arrange โ arranged
๋น ๋ฅธ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฐ์ด๋
๊ธฐ์ตํ์ธ์:
- ํ์ฑ: had + been + ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ฌ
- ์ด์ : ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ฌ๊ฑด ์ด์ ์ ์๋ฃ๋ ํ์
- ์ด์กฐ: ์ ๊ตํ, ๋ณต์กํ ์ฐ๋๊ธฐ์ ์ ํฉ
- ํ์์: ์๋ต ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฑฐ๋ 'by'์ ํจ๊ป ์ธ๊ธ ๊ฐ๋ฅ
- ์๋ฌธ๋ฌธ: 'had'๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ด ์์ผ๋ก ์ด๋
- ๋ถ์ ๋ฌธ: 'had' ๋ค์ 'not' ์ถ๊ฐ (had not been / hadn't been)
- ์๊ฐ ๋จ์ด: before, after, by, already, just, never
- ์ฉ๋ฒ: ์์์ ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ฒฝ
์ฐ์ต ๋ฌธ์
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