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短语动词入门

短语动词是动词与小品词（副词或介词）的重要组合，它们创造出新的含义，往往与原动词完全不同。这些多词动词构成了自然、流利的英语交流的基础，对于理解母语人士和在口语和书面英语中真实地表达自己绝对至关重要。

短语动词特别具有挑战性但又引人入胜的是它们能够将简单的动词转化为具有习惯用语含义的复杂表达，这些含义无法从单个组成部分中猜测出来。像"get"这样的单个动词可以与不同的小品词结合，创造出数十个不同的短语动词，每个都有独特的含义和母语人士本能使用的语法模式。

理解短语动词不仅涉及掌握它们的含义，还包括它们的语法行为，包括它们是可分离还是不可分离的，是及物还是不及物的，以及在语域中是正式还是非正式的。这些知识使您能够在适当的语境中正确使用它们，同时避免可能会混淆含义或对母语人士听起来不自然的常见错误。

掌握短语动词将极大地提高您的英语流利度，使您能够理解电影、书籍和与母语人士的对话，精确而自然地表达复杂的想法，并展示出远超基本词汇的精深英语掌握能力，拥抱使英语交流真正有效和真实的习惯用语丰富性。

什么是短语动词？

基本结构

动词 + 小品词 = 新含义

短语动词将主动词与一个或多个小品词结合以创造新含义

常见小品词：

  • up - turn up, give up, put up
  • down - break down, calm down, write down
  • out - find out, work out, run out
  • in - give in, drop in, fill in
  • on - carry on, put on, get on
  • off - take off, put off, set off

语境中的例子：

  • I need to look up this word. (查找)
  • She turned down the job offer. (拒绝了)
  • We ran into problems. (遇到了)
  • He gave up smoking. (戒掉了)
  • The meeting was put off. (被推迟了)
  • I can't figure out this puzzle. (理解)

字面意义与习惯用语意义

一些短语动词具有字面意义，而其他的则完全是习惯用语

字面意义：

可以从单个词语理解含义

  • sit down - 物理上向下坐
  • stand up - 物理上向上站
  • walk in - 物理上走进一个地方
  • come back - 物理上返回一个地方
  • pick up - 物理上举起某物

习惯用语意义：

含义无法从单个词语中猜测

  • give up - 停止尝试/放弃（不是物理上向上给予）
  • break down - 停止运作（不是物理上破坏）
  • run into - 偶然遇见（不是物理上跑）
  • put up with - 容忍（不是物理上向上放）
  • look after - 照顾（不是物理上向后看）

可分离与不可分离短语动词

及物短语动词（那些带宾语的）可以是可分离的或不可分离的

可分离短语动词：

宾语可以放在动词和小品词之间或小品词之后

turn on (开始/打开)

Turn on the TV. / Turn the TV on.

look up (查找信息)

Look up the word. / Look the word up.

put off (推迟)

Put off the meeting. / Put the meeting off.

不可分离短语动词：

宾语必须放在小品词之后

look after (照顾)

Look after the children. ✓

Look the children after. ✗

run into (意外遇见)

Run into problems. ✓

Run problems into. ✗

get over (恢复)

Get over the illness. ✓

Get the illness over. ✗

及物与不及物短语动词

一些短语动词需要宾语（及物），其他的不需要（不及物）

及物（需要宾语）：

  • turn on something - Turn on the lights.
  • look for something - Look for your keys.
  • give up something - Give up smoking.
  • put off something - Put off the appointment.
  • take care of someone - Take care of the baby.

不及物（不需要宾语）：

  • break down - My car broke down.
  • give in - He finally gave in.
  • grow up - Children grow up quickly.
  • show up - She showed up late.
  • set off - We set off at dawn.

formation.threeWord.title

formation.threeWord.formula.verb + formation.threeWord.formula.adverb + formation.threeWord.formula.preposition

formation.threeWord.description

formation.threeWord.commonPatterns.title

  • formation.threeWord.commonPatterns.items.0.verb - formation.threeWord.commonPatterns.items.0.meaning
  • formation.threeWord.commonPatterns.items.1.verb - formation.threeWord.commonPatterns.items.1.meaning
  • formation.threeWord.commonPatterns.items.2.verb - formation.threeWord.commonPatterns.items.2.meaning
  • formation.threeWord.commonPatterns.items.3.verb - formation.threeWord.commonPatterns.items.3.meaning
  • formation.threeWord.commonPatterns.items.4.verb - formation.threeWord.commonPatterns.items.4.meaning
  • formation.threeWord.commonPatterns.items.5.verb - formation.threeWord.commonPatterns.items.5.meaning

formation.threeWord.examplesInUse.title

  • formation.threeWord.examplesInUse.items.0
  • formation.threeWord.examplesInUse.items.1
  • formation.threeWord.examplesInUse.items.2
  • formation.threeWord.examplesInUse.items.3
  • formation.threeWord.examplesInUse.items.4
  • formation.threeWord.examplesInUse.items.5

需要避免的常见错误

✗ "commonMistakes.mistakes.0.correct1" commonMistakes.mistakes.0.note

✗ "I will look the children after."

✓ "commonMistakes.mistakes.0.correct2"

"look after"是不可分离的 - 宾语总是在小品词之后

✗ "Turn on it."

✓ "Turn it on."

代词宾语必须始终在动词和小品词之间

✗ "My car broke down the engine."

✓ "My car broke down."

"break down"在不及物使用时不需要宾语

✗ "Please turn on."

✓ "Please turn on the light."

"turn on"是及物的 - 它需要一个宾语

✗ "We need to put off the board meeting."

✓ "We need to postpone the board meeting."

在正式写作中首选单一动词替代词

短语动词的正式程度

formalityLevels.veryInformal.title

formalityLevels.veryInformal.note

  • formalityLevels.veryInformal.items.0
  • formalityLevels.veryInformal.items.1
  • formalityLevels.veryInformal.items.2
  • formalityLevels.veryInformal.items.3
  • formalityLevels.veryInformal.items.4

formalityLevels.neutral.title

formalityLevels.neutral.note

  • formalityLevels.neutral.items.0
  • formalityLevels.neutral.items.1
  • formalityLevels.neutral.items.2
  • formalityLevels.neutral.items.3
  • formalityLevels.neutral.items.4

formalityLevels.formal.title

formalityLevels.formal.note

  • formalityLevels.formal.items.0
  • formalityLevels.formal.items.1
  • formalityLevels.formal.items.2
  • formalityLevels.formal.items.3
  • formalityLevels.formal.items.4

日常使用的50个必备短语动词

essential50.everyday.title

essential50.everyday.items.0.verb - essential50.everyday.items.0.meaning
essential50.everyday.items.1.verb - essential50.everyday.items.1.meaning
essential50.everyday.items.2.verb - essential50.everyday.items.2.meaning
essential50.everyday.items.3.verb - essential50.everyday.items.3.meaning
essential50.everyday.items.4.verb - essential50.everyday.items.4.meaning
essential50.everyday.items.5.verb - essential50.everyday.items.5.meaning
essential50.everyday.items.6.verb - essential50.everyday.items.6.meaning
essential50.everyday.items.7.verb - essential50.everyday.items.7.meaning
essential50.everyday.items.8.verb - essential50.everyday.items.8.meaning
essential50.everyday.items.9.verb - essential50.everyday.items.9.meaning
essential50.everyday.items.10.verb - essential50.everyday.items.10.meaning
essential50.everyday.items.11.verb - essential50.everyday.items.11.meaning
essential50.everyday.items.12.verb - essential50.everyday.items.12.meaning

essential50.communication.title

essential50.communication.items.0.verb - essential50.communication.items.0.meaning
essential50.communication.items.1.verb - essential50.communication.items.1.meaning
essential50.communication.items.2.verb - essential50.communication.items.2.meaning
essential50.communication.items.3.verb - essential50.communication.items.3.meaning
essential50.communication.items.4.verb - essential50.communication.items.4.meaning
essential50.communication.items.5.verb - essential50.communication.items.5.meaning
essential50.communication.items.6.verb - essential50.communication.items.6.meaning
essential50.communication.items.7.verb - essential50.communication.items.7.meaning
essential50.communication.items.8.verb - essential50.communication.items.8.meaning
essential50.communication.items.9.verb - essential50.communication.items.9.meaning
essential50.communication.items.10.verb - essential50.communication.items.10.meaning
essential50.communication.items.11.verb - essential50.communication.items.11.meaning
essential50.communication.items.12.verb - essential50.communication.items.12.meaning

常见小品词模式和含义

方向与移动：

  • up: get up, stand up, wake up（向上移动）
  • down: sit down, lie down, fall down（向下移动）
  • in: come in, go in, get in（向内移动）
  • out: go out, come out, get out（向外移动）
  • away: go away, run away, put away（远离移动）
  • back: come back, go back, get back（返回移动）

完成与结果：

  • up: clean up, finish up, use up（完成）
  • out: work out, sort out, figure out（解决）
  • off: finish off, round off, top off（完成）
  • through: get through, see through（完成/理解）
  • over: think over, look over, go over（彻底检查）
  • down: write down, note down, break down（记录/分析）

有效的学习策略

1. 按基础动词组学习

专注于高频动词如GET、TAKE、PUT、MAKE - 每个都形成10多个常见短语动词

例如：GET - get up, get on, get over, get through, get back, get along...

2. 基于语境的学习

在有意义的情境中学习短语动词，而不是孤立的定义

例如：带有汽车、情绪、系统、谈判的"break down" - 不同的语境，相同的短语动词

3. 替换练习

在对话中用短语动词等价物替换正式的单一动词

例如："continue" → "carry on"，"tolerate" → "put up with"

4. 媒体接触

观看英国/美国电视节目和电影 - 短语动词在自然语言中无处不在

为您听到的新短语动词保留一个笔记本

核心语法规则摘要

可分离规则：

  • 与名词： 两个位置都可以
    Turn on the light / Turn the light on
  • 与代词： 必须分离
    Turn it on（不是"turn on it"）
  • 长名词短语： 通常在小品词之后
    Turn on the expensive new LED light

不可分离规则：

  • 绝不分离： 宾语总是跟随
    Look after the children（绝不"look the children after"）
  • 三词短语动词： 总是不可分离
    Put up with the noise（绝不分离）
  • 不及物： 完全没有宾语
    My car broke down（不需要宾语）

快速参考指南

要记住的关键点：

  • 结构：动词 + 小品词 = 新含义
  • 类型：字面（sit down）与习惯用语（give up）
  • 可分离性：用代词测试 - 如果听起来不对，就是不可分离的
  • 三词：总是不可分离的（put up with, look forward to）
  • 语域：许多是非正式的 - 根据语境适当选择
  • 学习提示：首先专注于高频基础动词
  • 小品词：通常带有一致的含义模式
  • 语法：在所有时态中都像普通动词一样发挥作用
  • 发音：重音通常在小品词上，不在基础动词上

Practice Exercises


Quizzes for this lesson will be available soon. We are currently preparing the question set and will publish it as soon as possible.


Downloadable PDF


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